Pdf defining underwater cultural heritage craig forrest. No commercial exploitation the 2001 convention stipulates that underwater cultural heritage should not be commercially exploited for trade or speculation, and that it should not be irretrievably dispersed. The necessity of a common language for coastal and underwater. Legal authorities national marine protected areas center. Office of state archaeology nc dncr office of state.
Definition of underwater cultural heritage united nations. Additionally, its training manual for the unesco foundation course on the. Their manual expands on the ethical principles underpin. Therefore, by its nature and definition, underwater cultural heritage. Guidelines for management of underwater cultural heritage are necessary for future new uses of the oceans, so the last recommendation is that it is perhaps time to foster the concept of sustainability in underwater cultural heritage protection, where the past and future will reach equilibrium for the preservation of heritage and the development. The benefit of the protection of underwater cultural heritage for. Defining underwater cultural heritage sciencedirect. This article considers the development of the definition agreed upon and analyses its utility in providing for a pragmatic and effective protection regime. Activities directed at underwater cultural heritage shall not adversely affect the underwater cultural heritage more than is necessary for the objectives of the project.
Hear how these agencies have worked together for over 45 years to. The protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage has been part of the legal framework of international law for hundreds of years, but in the decades since the adoption of the 1954 hague convention for the protection of cultural property it has evolved and developed into its own distinct branch of international law. The definition and attribution of values to archaeological and cultural material have changed throughout history. Definition of heritage cultural heritage refers to the contemporary societys use of the past. Ensuring the preservation of submerged treasures for the. Protection of underwater cultural heritage in international. In reaffirming the need for international cooperation in preventing and combating all aspects of trafficking in cultural property cp, it noted that such cp. One or two points about the definition are worthy of particular note. This is done by the established maritime and underwater cultural heritage much program which officially started in february 2009. Underwater heritage is generally assumed to be included with similar landbased sites. World heritage of the 1972 world heritage convention. Although all values are valid, individuals and organisations emphasise some more than others. Cultural heritage includes tangible culture, intangible culture, and natural heritage.
The united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization unesco was founded on 16 november 1945 as the united nations specialized agency. Act means the underwater cultural heritage act 2018. Harmonious development of groups and communities ask for balanced management of new term. Excerpt from mpa white paper recommendations for integrated management using a cultural landscape approach in the national mpa system pdf the antiquities act of 1906 1 initiated the modern era of federal. Convention on the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage 2001. Situated between admiraltyprivate maritime law, the law of the sea, and cultural heritage law, the legal framework of underwater cultural heritage law is robust. Unesco convention on the protection of the underwater cultural. The mpa center will partner with various agencies, states, and tribes that manage submerged cultural heritage resources to.
War and cultural property, trade and cultural property, world cultural property, underwater cultural heritage, and intangible cultural heritage. However, due to its expansive definition, the concept of cultural heritage was further revised in the 1992. Our cultural heritage contributes to the shaping of national stereotypes and regional identity and its a modern or postmodern reflection of the past. Department for environment and water burra charter. Memorializing the middle passage on the atlantic seabed in. Stakes and challenges for underwater cultural heritage in. Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage ich 2005. The convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage 2001. Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage 1972 convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage 2001 convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage 2003. Natural sites may belong to cultural heritage as cultural identity is strongly related to the natural environment in which it develops. Underwater cultural heritage rules means the rules made under section 61.
Sep 05, 2019 for the purpose of this plans development, the definition of cultural heritage is aligned with the ifc performance standard 8 explanation of cultural heritage. Decisionmaking about transmission and safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage does not happen in a vacuum but is embedded in a larger system of gender and power relations. Hidden beneath the waves exploring north carolinas underwater cultural heritage. Unescos international cultural heritage conventions. Research that disturbs underwater cultural heritage for example, an archaeological excavation requires a permit. The convention could in 2018 be viewed on the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organisations website. There are also sunken ruins and cities, like the remains of the pharos of alexandria, egypt one of the seven wonders of the ancient world and thousands of submerged prehistoric sites. Learn how the discovery of the uss monitor in 1973 and its designation as our nations first national marine sanctuary brought noaa and the office of state archaeology together. It was until rescently that the country has started some initiatives to identify and manage her maritime and underwater heritage assets. This paper focuses on the evolution of the very notion of cultural heritage, its role and place in society,as well asthe way it is perceived and interpretedin the context ofrelatedeu prerogatives. In europe it is often associated with older city centers. In situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage. This article will consider the varying definitions of cultural heritage in.
The situation of the cultural heritage has deteriorated during recent years as a result. Not all legacies of past generations are heritage, rather heritage is a product of selection by society. Activities directed at underwater cultural heritage must use nondestructive techniques and survey methods in preference to recovery of objects. The development of an international regime to preserve underwater cultural heritage 2. The journal of cultural heritage jch is a multidisciplinary journal of science and technology for studying problems concerning conservation and awareness of cultural heritage in a wide framework. The convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is a treaty that was. The convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is a treaty that was adopted on 2 november 2001 by the general conference of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. This includes three million shipwrecks such as titanic, belitung and the 4,000 shipwrecks of the sunken fleet of kublai khan. Ownership of underwater cultural heritage in the area creighton. Office of general counsel national oceanic and atmospheric.
The management of the underwater cultural heritage request pdf. There are also sunken ruins and cities, like the remains of the pharos of alexandria, egypt one of the seven wonders of the ancient. Pdf submarine cables and underwater cultural heritage. Tangible forms of cultural heritage, such as tangible moveable or immovable objects, property, sites, structures, or groups of structures, having archaeological prehistoric. Ensuring the preservation of submerged treasures for the next. Jul 03, 2017 contents queensland heritage act 1992 page 3 44 chief executive to give heritage recommendation to council. Dec 01, 2020 one such agreement is the 2001 united nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization unesco convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage 2001 unesco convention, which provides a definition of underwater cultural heritage that is more detailed than that found in unclos. Convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage 2003. The dictionary of disasters at sea lists for instance 12,542 sailing ships and war vessels lost at sea between. The department for environment and water acknowledges aboriginal people as the first peoples and nations of the lands and waters we live and work upon and we pay our respects to their elders past, present and emerging. Underwater heritage, unesco convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage art.
Tanzanian maritime and underwater cultural heritages. Sustainable management of underwater cultural heritage mdpi. In the following analysis international law on cultural property is examined in relation to five general categories. Underwater cultural heritage encompasses all traces of human existence that lie or have lain underwater and have a cultural or historical character. Similarly, dive tourism on underwater cultural heritage sites has been. Maritime and underwater cultural heritage initiatives in. Protecting and preserving underwater cultural heritage in. The convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict was adopted at the hague netherlands in 1954 in the wake of massive d.
Potential forms of mitigation and management are discussed. This article addresses the ownership of underwater cultural heritage uch on. The main purpose of jch is to publish original papers which comprise previously unpublished data and present innovative methods concerning all. Federal responsibility for coastal and maritime cultural heritage. Convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions. The unesco convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage, adopted in 2001, is intended to enable states to better protect their submerged cultural heritage. Unesco ncb national central bureau ipcq special global alert. Definition of the cultural and natural heritage article 1 for the purpose of this convention, the following shall be considered as cultural heritage.
The protection of the underwater cultural heritage. Unesco convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage. Unesco convention on the protection of the underwater. Refers to those practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills as well 1. Definition of cultural property, and the importexport question. Determining exactly what constitutes the underwater cultural heritage for the. This regulation is in conformity with the moral principles that already apply to cultural heritage on land. The unesco 2001 convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage is the foremost international legal reference for the protection of underwater. Information brochure on the 2001 convention pdf frequently asked questions pdf learn about the convention.
Cultural heritage resources and marine protected areas. Basic texts of the 1972 world heritage convention i. Underwater cultural heritage, definition, cultural coastline, common. Office of state archaeology nc dncr office of state archaeology. Underwater cultural heritage law study pdf ocean law search database.
The deliberate act of keeping cultural and heritage from the present for the future is known as preservation or conservation, which cultural. Pieces of cultural heritage must not be lifted from the water to achieve financial gain, and the research material from a cultural heritage site should not be irreversibly damaged. Tanzania and mozambique have long histories of indigenous cultures, foreign contacts and influences and african adaptations beginning in the late grecoroman period, when the coastal populations exploited the. This is important for the understanding of what cultural heritage actually is and to prevent therewith damaging actions, such as treasurehunting. This is done by the established maritime and underwater cultural heritage much program which. Cultural heritage is the legacy of cultural resources and intangible attributes of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Contents queensland heritage act 1992 page 3 44 chief executive to give heritage recommendation to council.
Keywords shipwrecks, underwater cultural heritage, fishing, trawlers, sustainability. The convention is intended to protect all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character which have been under water for over 100 years. Each state party to this convention undertakes not to take any deliberate measures which might damage directly or indirectly the cultural and natural heritage referred to. Underwater cultural heritage convention means the unesco convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage, done at paris on 2 november 2001, as amended from time to time. Throughout the world, heritage today faces a growing number of threats and pressures. Admiralty law is a branch entrenched within private international law relating to the control of maritime practices between private entities. Cultural heritage in eu policies summary 2018 is devoted to the european unionscultural heritage. Another factor for genderrelated changes concerns effective participation in the negotiation process and the issue of who has influence. This section starts evaluating the concept of underwater cultural heritage and presents the main critiques moved to the definition provided by the 2001 unesco.
Aura tatiana ome baron the united nationsnippon foundation. The imperative to protect underwater cultural heritage until quite recently, for both marine archeologists and lawyers, the legal regime of marine archeology has been largely a neglected topic. The underwater cultural heritage uch includes all the material evidence of human activities carried on in the marine environment, particularly. Jun 11, 20 the aim of this paper is provide an overview of the capacity building programmes in maritime and underwater cultural heritage much conducted by the authors in tanzania and mozambique.
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